On March 8 and 9, Iran’s Revolutionary Guards launched several ballistic missiles as part of a military exercise. The variations of Ghadr, Qiam and Shahab missilesreportedly had ranges between 185 miles and 1250 miles. The launches, publicized widely by Iranian media outlets, were intended to display Iran’s “deterrence power” and “full readiness to confront all kinds of threats against the Revolution, establishment and territorial integrity,” according to the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC).
The launches were not violations of the nuclear deal, which does not include restrictions on Iran’s missile program. But the launches appear to be inconsistent with U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which bans Iran from testing ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
Iranian state media reported that the two missiles fired on March 9 had the phrase “Israel must be wiped out” written in Hebrew on them. But the inscription could not be seen in photographs of the weapons other than those released by Fars News. The test firing coincided with U.S. Vice President Joe Biden’s visit to Israel.
U.S. State Department Spokesperson John Kirby said that Washington would seek an appropriate response at the U.N. Security Council if the launches are confirmed. “We also continue to aggressively apply our unilateral tools to counter threats from Iran’s missile program,” he told the press on March 8. U.S. lawmakers called for tougher sanctions in response to the launches.
On March 10, Secretary of State John Kerry raised his concerns about the launches with his counterpart Mohammad Javad Zarif. Meanwhile, Iran’s Foreign Ministry spokesman, Hossein Jaberi-Ansari, said that the test-firing of missiles did not contradict its nuclear commitments. U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon called upon Iran to “act with moderation, caution and the good sense not to increase tensions through any hasty actions.”
On March 11, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Samantha Power said that the United States will raise the launches at U.S. Security Council consultations scheduled for March 14. “These launches underscore the need to work with partners around the world to slow and degrade Iran’s missile program,” she said.
On March 13, French Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault condemned the tests and said additional sanctions will be enacted, if necessary. The following day, however, Russian U.N. Ambassador Vitaly Churkin said Iran should not face new sanctions. Russia has the power to veto U.N. Security Council decisions. After a Security Council meeting, Ambassador Power said that Russia was looking “for reasons not to act rather than stepping up and being prepared to shoulder our collective responsibility.”
In January 2016, the United States imposed new sanctions on 11 entities and individuals linked to Iran’s missile program. The move was a response to an October 2015 test launch of a medium-range Emad ballistic missile that was reportedly capable of delivering a nuclear warhead. Foreign Minister Zarif has previously claimed that such missiles are for self-defense and are not designed to be capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
Iran has the largest and most diverse ballistic missile arsenal in the Middle East. For years, it has had missiles capable of reaching Israel and U.S. military bases in the region. The following are remarks by U.S., Iranian, Israeli, French, and U.N. officials on the latest launches.
U.S. Officials
Ambassador Samantha Power,Permanent Representative to the United Nations
“We called for consultations today to discuss Iran’s recent ballistic missile launches, which the United States condemns as dangerous, destabilizing and provocative. Given the multiple interrelated conflicts in the Middle East today, such launches accompanied by strident militaristic rhetoric undermine prospects for peace. The United States was particularly troubled by reports that Iranian military leaders have claimed these missiles are designed to be a direct threat to Israel. We condemn such threats against one of our closest allies and another U.N. member state.
“Beyond just destabilizing the region, these launches were also in defiance of provisions of U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231. The resolution that came into effect on January 16th, on Implementation Day of the JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action). In that resolution, as you all know, Iran was called upon ‘not to undertake any activity related to ballistic missiles designed to be capable of delivering nuclear weapons, including launches using such ballistic missile technology.’ Iran, however, continues to act as if this council has not spoken on the matter.”
“These [missiles] were designed to be capable of delivering nuclear weapons. This merits a council response. The council needs to take its responsibility… Russia seems to be lawyering its way to look for reasons not to act rather than stepping up and being prepared to shoulder our collective responsibility. We will continue to push in the Security Council in the 2231 format, bring forward the technical information that Iran itself has made public showing that the technology they used is inherently capable of delivering nuclear weapons, and thus inherently defying resolution 2231. So we’re not going to give up at the Security Council, no matter the quibbling that we heard today about this and that. And we also can consider, of course, our own appropriate national response.”
—March 14, 2016, to the press after a U.N. Security Council meeting
The United States is deeply concerned about Iran’s recent ballistic missile launches, which are provocative and destabilizing. Moreover, Iranian military leaders have reportedly claimed these missiles are designed to be a direct threat to Israel. We condemn such threats against another UN Member State and one of our closest allies.
UN Security Council Resolution 2231 calls upon Iran not to undertake any launches of ballistic missiles designed to be capable of delivering a nuclear weapon. We will raise these dangerous launches directly at Council consultations, which we have called for, on Monday. These launches underscore the need to work with partners around the world to slow and degrade Iran’s missile program. We will therefore continue to insist on full implementation of Resolution 2231, which expressly prohibits third-party support to Iran's ballistic missile program, as we also consider our appropriate national response.
—March 11, 2016, in a statement
Secretary of State John Kerry
Well, the missiles are a violation of the United Nations Security Council – the missile tests – because they are longer than the distance that is allowed for legitimate testing. And because of that they represent a potential threat to countries in the region as well as elsewhere beyond because of the potential distance and testing that goes along with it.
So we have made it very clear that the missile concerns remain part of sanctionable activities with respect to Iran. And if Iran chooses to violate that, they will invite those additional sanctions, as we put them in place just a month ago as a result of the prior tests.
“I want to reiterate, as I know people still doubt, if in fact they break the [nuclear] deal, we will act.”
“All their conventional activity outside the deal, which is still beyond the deal, we will and are attempting to act wherever we can find it.”
—March 9, 2016, during a visit to Israel after speaking with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
State Department Spokesperson John Kirby
“I do want to make it clear that such tests, if they are true, are not a violation of the JCPOA. If it’s confirmed that this is what they, in fact, did, then we’ll have every intention of raising the matter to the UN Security Council. We’re also going to encourage a serious review of the incident or incidents and press for an appropriate response.
“The only other thing else I would add is that – again, if true – this development would underscore why we continue to work closely with partners around the world to slow and degrade Iran’s missile program. And it’s worth noting that the UN Security Council Resolution 2231 has prohibitions that continue to be used to disrupt Iran’s missile-related proliferation and procurement activities.
“We also continue to aggressively apply our unilateral tools to counter threats from Iran’s missile program, and these tools are in no way impacted by the JCPOA or any phase of its implementation. The Department of the Treasury recently designated entities involved with Iran’s ballistic missile program, and again, we always have those tools available to us.”
“Well, historically we’ve seen them be in flagrant violation of multilateral and unilateral demands for them not to develop ballistic missile technology. It’s not – I’m not saying we’re pleased by it at by any stretch, but it’s not new that they have proven willing to flagrantly violate those kinds of resolutions against ballistic missile technology.”
“They don’t have the right, according to the international community and the UN, to develop ballistic missile technology. They do not. Now, does a nation-state have the right to have a military and to be able to provide for its own self-defense? Of course. And virtually – not every, but virtually every nation-state has such capabilities. But there are limits with respect to Iran about the kinds of capabilities that they’re allowed to pursue. Ballistic missile technology is not one of them.”
Well, we have seen these reports of additional missile launches today, and just as with the earlier ones, we’re going to take a look at it and we’ll take whatever appropriate response is necessary, either at the UN or unilaterally. And obviously, without being able to confirm these – the graffiti on them about Israel – I can’t confirm that independently, but obviously we condemn all threats to Israel, and we stand – will stand with Israel to help it defend itself against all kinds of threats.
And I would add, under the President’s leadership, the United States has invested above and beyond our FMF assistance – over $3 billion… [in the] Iron Dome system and other missile defense programs and systems for Israel. I would also add that the Secretary did raise his concerns today with Foreign Minister Zarif about these reports.
“Well, it certainly is possible that Iran could face some consequences for carrying out this action. And we have demonstrated no reluctance to impose sanctions against Iran for conducting ballistic missile tests that are outside of their international obligations. But at this point, it’s too early to determine whether or not that’s exactly what’s taken place here. So we’ll take a look at the situation and if we determine that a response is warranted, then we’ll pursue it.”
“The other element that’s important here is the United States is going to continue to deepen our coordination with our other allies and partners in the region to try to counter Iran’s ballistic missile program. The truth is, there already are other sanctions and prohibitions that are in place that are intended to mitigate or even limit Iran’s ballistic missile program. And we’ve acknowledged that there’s more that we can do, working closely with our partners and allies, to more effectively enforce those kinds of sanctions and prohibitions. And that work continues, as well.”
“There are strong indications [this] test is inconsistent with U.N. Security Council 2231.”
“If confirmed, we intend to raise the matter in the U.N. Security Council. We will also encourage a serious review of the incident and press for an appropriate response.”
“We also continue to aggressively apply our unilateral tools to counter threats from Iran's missile program.”
“What I would say is that what we and the people in the region are concerned about is that they already have overmatch with the numbers of ballistic missiles.”
—March 8, 2016, during a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing
U.S. Lawmakers
Sen. Bob Corker (R-TN), Foreign Relations Committee Chairman
“Iran's complete disregard for the ballistic missile restrictions that remain in place must be met with swift and immediate consequences from the U.S. and the U.N. Security Council. The administration's hesitancy and the council's refusal to act after multiple violations last fall must not be repeated now that Iran appears ready to test the will of the international community with the nuclear agreement in place.
“A failure to hold them accountable now, including suppliers and enablers of their ballistic missile program, would undermine our efforts to contain Iran's destabilizing behavior and raise serious questions about the ability to enforce violations of the nuclear deal itself.”
Sen. Ben Cardin (D-MD), ranking Democratic on the Foreign Relations Committee
“The Administration should act swiftly to raise these concerns at the United Nations and take action to hold all parties involved responsible for their actions, including, if necessary, through unilateral action.”
“I am deeply concerned by Iran’s repetitive disregard of and indifference to UN Security Council Resolution 2231, which calls on Iran to cease any ballistic missile activities.”
“The administration’s response to Iran’s new salvo of threatening missile tests in violation of international law cannot once again be, it’s ‘not supposed to be doing that. Now is the time for new crippling sanctions against Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Ministry of Defense, Aerospace Industries Organization, and other related entities driving the Iranian ballistic missile program.”
Sen. Chris Coons (D-DE), Foreign Relations Committee member
“I think this calls for sustained active global engagement. I think the Security Council should act against this recent ballistic missile launch. I continue to urge the administration to be engaged and strenuous in enforcing our existing sanctions against their ballistic missile program, their ongoing human rights violations, as well as their support for terrorism in the region.”
Sen. Kelly Ayotte (R-NH),Armed Services Committee member
“I would argue that clearly the sanctions the administration did put in place, which I've said from the beginning are pathetic and weak, are having absolutely no impact.”
“Given that they're now continuing to test ballistic missiles and I would hope that we would up our game and impose real tough sanctions on Iran, on their ballistic missile program.”
—March 8, 2016, during a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing
Sen. Cory Gardner (R-CO), Foreign Relations Committee member
Today, Iran test-fired ballistic missiles in violation of international sanctions. This launch demonstrates the regime’s continued disregard for international sanctions and the grave consequences of this Administration blindly trusting the Iranian regime to uphold its commitments. Instead of making concessions to the Iranian regime and freeing up more than $100 billion dollars in sanctions relief, the Obama Administration should change course and increase pressure on Iran by imposing additional unilateral sanctions to stop their belligerent behavior once and for all.
“Today we once again witnessed the consequences of President Obama's continued deference to dictators and rogue regimes. From Iran to North Korea, it's clear our enemies no longer fear the United States. Conducting ballistic missile tests is akin to throwing dirt in the face of the entire free world. And it reveals Iran has little intention of abiding by the terms of the nuclear deal it agreed to just months ago. President Obama should recognize this truth and take immediate steps to confront our enemies in Iran, North Korea and around the world.”
House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Ed Royce (R-CA)
“Iran is making a mockery of President Obama’s vow to confront Iran’s dangerous and illicit acts. For a second day in a row, the Iranian regime has launched ballistic missiles in violation of U.N. sanctions. These latest missiles were reportedly designed to strike our ally Israel, and stamped with the words ‘Israel should be wiped from the pages of history.’
“Meanwhile, the Obama administration is tripping over technicalities. Instead of forcefully condemning Iran’s dangerous missile tests, the White House is twisting itself into pretzels to explain how they don’t violate the president’s deeply flawed nuclear deal.
“Here’s the reality: if Iran sees it can violate U.N. missile sanctions with no consequence, it will violate this nuclear deal too. President Obama must lead and aggressively enforce all sanctions against Iran’s missile programs, support for terrorism, and human rights abuses. No more looking the other way.”
“This week's tests were the second and third time since the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) that Iran has violated ballistic missile restrictions. It ought to be a warning to the world that Iran is trying to have it both ways: it wants to integrate fully into the international community while continuing to flout international law, particularly U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, and threaten its neighbors. The world should not be fooled. Iranian reports that messages were written on the sides of the missiles calling for Israel's destruction leave no doubt as to the nefarious intentions of Iran's leaders.
“As I said following Iran's previous ballistic missile test, our response to their violations of U.N. Security Council resolutions sends a signal about our resolve in enforcing the JCPOA and ensuring there are consequences for violations. We must make it clear that we will never allow any flexibility in Iran meeting its obligations under that agreement or any U.N. Security Council resolution. I look forward to working with my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to make clear, potentially through legislation, America's resolve to meet the threat from Iran's ballistic missile program and to make certain that U.N. resolutions are enforced while protecting the safety of our allies and our assets in the region.”
—March 9, 2016, in a statement
House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R-CA)
“Far from pushing Iran to a more moderate engagement with its neighbors, this nuclear deal is enabling Iran’s aggression and terrorist activities. Sanctions relief is fueling Iran’s proxies from Yemen to Iraq to Syria to Lebanon. Meanwhile, Khamenei and the Iranian regime are acting with impunity because they know President Obama will not hold them accountable and risk the public destruction of his nuclear deal, the cornerstone of the president’s foreign policy legacy.”
House Armed Services Committee Chairman Mac Thornberry (R-TX)
“The latest missiles launches are further evidence of Iran's aggression and of how its leaders intend to use the money it is receiving under the Obama nuclear deal. It is foolish to reduce missile defense funding as the President's budget proposes.”
—March 10, 2016, in a statement
Rep. Bob Goodlatte (R-VA)
Obama Admin's nuclear "deal" gives #Iran a free pass -> Iran fires 2 missiles marked with 'Israel must be wiped out' https://t.co/V0LwASUEKR
“It [U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231] doesn’t call upon Iran not to test ballistic missiles, or ballistic missiles capable of delivering nuclear warheads ... it calls upon Iran not to test ballistic missiles that were ‘designed’ to be capable. That word [“designed”] took me about seven months to negotiate, so everybody knew what it meant.”
—March 15, 2016, in a speech at the Australian National University
Neither #JCPOA nor SC Res prohibit Iran from missiles not designed for nuke warheads. Read the Document: It's plain English not legalese.1/4
“Any one bearing greater enmity towards Islamic Iran will naturally be more fearful of such capabilities and preparednesses.”
“[F]iring of these missiles clearly indicates the active status of IRGC missile centers across the country; the drill made this message across to the enemies that defensive strength and national security are inviolate redlines for us which under no circumstances would these redlines be traded.”
“IRGC’s aerospace force has established formidable force in the region; despite sanctions in the past, our productions are totally indigenous; sanctions brought a boom where our defensive industry burgeoned; still a third redline is our missile capabilities all the defensive arrangements and bodies have a unanimity about this issue.”
“Iran’s security is security of our neighbors in the region; the enemies of the Revolution should now be intimidated by IRGC’s missiles’ thunders and roaring.”
“[O]ur enemies would naturally fear our defensive capabilities, since our missile range is far beyond the Zionist regime cities in the Occupied [Palestinian] Territories.”
“Iran’s security is the security of regional countries and our efforts are in line with establishing security in the region.”
Pursuant to a campaign of disinformation that followed the recent missile test-launches by the Iranian military forces, the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations would like to provide the following clarifications:
1- Iran, as a country living in the most unstable and volatile region of the world, is fully entitled to build a credible conventional capability to deter and defend against any aggression. Iran’s recent ballistic missile test launches were part of ongoing efforts of its armed forces to strengthen its legitimate defense capabilities and to demonstrate the effectiveness and readiness of missile systems against security threats. It is demagoguery for those who are at the supplying and receiving ends of around $100bn of the state-of-the-art weaponry just to the lower Persian Gulf region in 2015 (while Iran’s entire defense budget was around ten times less in the same year) to hype this much Iran’s conventional missile-test launches. The disparity between Iran’s defense spending and that of other regional states is colossal, and has been acknowledged even by the US officials at the highest levels.
2- Brazen threats against Iran’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, multiplied in the past several years, have made it all the more imperative for Iran to build a legitimate deterrent capability. As an example of these threats, Moshe Yaalon, Defense Minister of the Israeli regime, in a speech on May 5 2015 in the Shurat Hadin Law of War Conference in Jerusalem threatened to use nuclear bomb against Iran (For detail, see Iran’s letter to the Security Council dated May 19 2015). The same regime remains the only obstacle in the way towards establishing a Nuclear-Weapon Free Zone in the Middle East and the only one in our region in unlawful possession of nuclear weapons.
3- The statements made by the Iranian military commanders reflected only the concern over such threats. The commander of the Aerospace Force of the Guards Corps, whose statements are wildly distorted by vested-interest parties, reiterated in his interview following the tests that “we won’t start any war, we aim, however, to defend ourselves … we don’t intend to attack any country, but if we come under attack, we should be able to retaliate.”
4- Security Council resolution 2231 does not prohibit legitimate and conventional military activities, nor does international law disallow them. Iran has never sought to acquire nuclear weapon and never will in the future, as it fully honors its commitment under the NPT and the JCPOA. Consequently, Iran's missiles are not and could not be designed for delivery of unconventional weapons. We reject arbitrary interpretation of the provisions of Security Council resolution 2231 and its annexes, and call upon all parties to act in good-faith and refrain from provocations.
5- We, likewise, reject the raising of this issue in a meeting of the Security Council and consider it to be contrary to the prevailing positive environment, and detrimental to the good-faith implementation of the JCPOA.
“The reason we designed our missiles with a range of 2,000 km is to be able to hit our enemy the Zionist regime from a safe distance.”
“Israel is surrounded by Islamic countries and it will not last long in a war. It will collapse even before being hit by these missiles.”
“The more sanctions and pressure our enemies apply... the more we will develop our missile program.”
“Our main enemies, the Americans, who mutter about plans, have activated new missile sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran and are seeking to weaken the country’s missile capability.”
“The Guards and other armed forces are defenders of the revolution and the country will not pay a toll to anyone … and will stand against their excessive demands.”
“We will not be the ones who start a war, but we will not be taken by surprise, so we put our facilities somewhere that our enemies cannot destroy them so that we could continue in a long war.”
—March 8, 2016 according to ISNA and on state television via Reuters, AP, and Foreign Policy
The missiles are “Iran-made and belong to the Palestinian, Lebanese, Syrian and Iraqi nations, as well as all the oppressed people of the world.”
“The Zionist regime will collapse in the near future. When Hezbollah has stockpiled over 100,000 missiles, it means Iran has tens of times more than that. Iran is in possession of different classes of missiles, and this power is unstoppable.”
“We have huge reserves of various range ballistic missiles that are ready to target enemies and their aims, at any time, from different points of the country.”
“The missiles fired today are the results of sanctions. The sanctions helped Iran develop its missile program.”
“Iran's missile program and its test-firing of missiles in the past days during a military drill are not against its nuclear commitments and the nuclear deal reached with the six powers.”
“The Islamic Republic of Iran will not compromise over its security and defensive power” and will “continue its completely defensive and legitimate missile program.”
Deputy Chief of Staff of Iran’s Armed Forces Brigadier General Massoud Jazayeri
“Sanctions and resolutions will not create any obstacle to the strengthening of Iran’s defense might and missile capability.”
Iran’s missile development program is “non-negotiable” and a “red line” for the Islamic Republic.
Taking “hasty, emotional, deceitful positions” and spreading propaganda against the “show of force” by the Iranian Armed Forces are not justified.
The United States and other Western countries want to impose new missile sanctions on Iran through “unjust and groundless” interpretations of the JCPOA in a “sly bid” to “undermine and dismantle surface-to-surface ballistic missiles” of Iran.
“We condemn ballistic missile tests and, if necessary, sanctions will be enacted.”
—March 13, 2016, in remarks after meeting with other Western foreign ministers
Israeli Officials
Defense Minister Moshe Yaalon
“To my regret there are some in the West who are misled by the honeyed words of part of the Iranian leadership while the other part continues to procure equipment and weaponry, to arm terrorist groups.”
“We have certain worries regarding the future, mainly because of the Iranian [nuclear] deal. We believe Iran of today is more confident, more free to act in the region, with more money because of the sanctions relief, violating many UN resolutions regarding the proliferation of arms and terror. … So this regime is still a rogue one. They haven’t changed their nature. They chant death to America. They consider America as the Great Satan, we are lucky to be considered the minor Satan. Very provocative regarding the ballistic missiles, which is a violation of the UN resolution as well, just provocative tests last week, on one of the missiles it was written in Hebrew that Israel should be wiped off the map of the earth.”
Israel condemns the recent Iranian ballistic missile test launches. The range of these missiles includes all of Israel and large parts of the Middle East, a region currently engaged in a bloody conflict resulting in waves of refugees fleeing to countries in the region and in Europe. The commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards stated to the media that most of Iran's missile arsenal covers Israeli territory.
The test firing of ballistic missiles constitutes a gross violation of UNSC Resolution 2231, which confirmed the nuclear agreement between Iran and the powers. The resolution restricts Iran from launching missiles capable of carrying a nuclear warhead - the same missiles that Iran test-fired this week. The development of ground-to-ground missiles with nuclear warhead capability calls into question Iran’s’ intentions to comply in full with the nuclear agreement.
Iran continues to dismiss the international community's demands and to develop its aggressive capabilities. It seems the Zarif-Rouhani "smile campaign" is nothing more than a smoke screen to disguise the real intentions of the ayatollah regime.
Israel calls on the international community to react firmly and decisively against further Iranian missile launches and Iran's continuing development of ground-to-ground missiles - a violation of the Security Council resolution. Iran’s ballistic missile program must stop.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, this evening, instructed the Foreign Ministry to contact the P5+1 countries and demand that immediate punitive measures be taken in the wake of Iran's repeated and gross violations on the missiles issue.
This is an important step in and of itself and is also a test of the major powers in enforcing the nuclear agreement.
With the achievement of Implementation Day pursuant to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and Security Council resolution 2231 (2015), Security Council sanctions previously imposed on Iran have been terminated.
In that resolution, the Secretary-General notes, the Council called upon Iran not to undertake any activity related to ballistic missiles designed to be capable of delivering nuclear weapons, including launches using such ballistic missile technology.
The Secretary-General also notes that it is for the Security Council to examine information regarding resolution 2231 (2015).
At the same time, the Secretary-General urges all concerned to act with restraint. In the current political atmosphere in the Middle East region, and so soon after the positive news of the lifting of sanctions against Iran, the Secretary-General calls on the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to act with moderation, caution and the good sense not to increase tensions through any hasty actions.